Overview
Skin cancer, characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells, most commonly develops on areas of the skin exposed to the sun. However, it can also occur in areas that are typically shielded from sunlight. There are three primary types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
Reducing UV exposure is key to lowering your risk of skin cancer. Regularly checking your skin for unusual changes can help with early detection, which offers the best chance for successful treatment.
Symptoms
Where Skin Cancer Develops
Skin cancer frequently appears on sun-exposed areas such as the scalp, face, lips, ears, neck, chest, arms, and hands. In women, it often develops on the legs. However, it can also form on less-exposed areas like the palms, under nails, and even in the genital area.
Skin cancer affects people of all skin tones. For those with darker complexions, melanoma is more likely to develop in places not exposed to the sun, such as the palms and soles of the feet.
Basal Cell Carcinoma Signs and Symptoms
Typically occurring in sun-exposed areas, such as the face and neck, basal cell carcinoma may manifest as:
- A pearly or waxy bump
- A flat, flesh-colored or brown scar-like lesion
- A sore that bleeds, scabs, heals, and returns
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Signs and Symptoms
This type of cancer often appears on the face, ears, and hands in sun-exposed areas, though people with darker skin may develop it in areas with less exposure. It may present as:
- A firm, red nodule
- A flat lesion with a scaly, crusted surface
Melanoma Signs and Symptoms
Melanoma can occur anywhere, even in areas that aren’t exposed to sunlight. For men, it often appears on the face or trunk, while for women, it commonly develops on the lower legs. Signs include:
- A large brown spot with darker speckles
- A mole that changes in color, size, or feel, or that bleeds
- A small lesion with an irregular border, possibly in shades of red, pink, white, blue, or black
- Painful, itching, or burning lesions
- Dark lesions on palms, soles, fingers, toes, or mucous membranes
Signs of Less Common Skin Cancers
- Kaposi Sarcoma: Appears as red or purple patches, often in people with weakened immune systems.
- Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Firm, shiny nodules on or beneath the skin, commonly on the head, neck, or trunk.
- Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma: Often appears as hard, painless nodules, typically on the eyelid.
When to See a Doctor
If you notice any unusual skin changes that concern you, schedule an appointment with your doctor. Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment.
Causes
DNA Mutations and Skin Cancer
Skin cancer occurs when mutations in the DNA of skin cells cause them to multiply uncontrollably, leading to cancerous growths.
Types of Skin Cells Involved in Skin Cancer
- Squamous cells: Just below the outer surface, serving as the skin’s inner lining.
- Basal cells: Beneath squamous cells, producing new skin cells.
- Melanocytes: Found in the lower epidermis, producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color.
Ultraviolet Radiation and Other Causes
Much of the DNA damage leading to skin cancer is caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. However, skin cancer can also develop in areas not exposed to UV light, suggesting other factors, such as exposure to toxic substances or a weakened immune system, may also play a role.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase your risk of developing skin cancer, including:
- Fair skin: Less melanin means less UV protection.
- History of sunburns: Increases your risk as an adult.
- Excessive sun exposure: Especially without protection.
- Sunny or high-altitude climates: More UV exposure.
- Moles: Particularly abnormal or numerous moles.
- Precancerous skin lesions: Actinic keratoses can evolve into skin cancer.
- Family or personal history of skin cancer.
- Weakened immune system: Due to conditions like HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive medications.
- Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, like arsenic.
Prevention
Follow These Tips to Lower Skin Cancer Risk:
- Avoid peak sun hours: Between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when UV rays are strongest.
- Use sunscreen year-round: Choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher and reapply every two hours.
- Wear protective clothing: Opt for dark, tightly woven fabrics, and wide-brimmed hats.
- Don’t forget sunglasses: Choose ones that block UVA and UVB rays.
- Avoid tanning beds: The UV light increases cancer risk.
- Be cautious with sun-sensitive medications: Some drugs increase sensitivity to UV rays.
- Check your skin regularly: Look for new growths or changes to moles, freckles, and bumps. Regularly examine your body, including hard-to-see areas, and report any changes to your doctor.
By taking these precautions, you can reduce your chances of developing skin cancer and protect your skin from harmful UV radiation.
